Digital transformation and green logistics adoption: A TOE-based conceptual model in the Oman logistics sector

Abstract

Green logistics has become increasingly important in addressing the environmental impacts arising from transport and supply chain activities. In Oman, where the logistics sector plays a central role in national economic diversification under Vision 2040, the adoption of green logistics practices (GLPs) remains uneven. This conceptual article develops a digital Technology–Organisation–Environment (TOE)-based framework to explain how three digital dimensions comprising digital technology, digital organisation, and digital environment shape the adoption of GLPs and, in turn, influence sustainability performance. Drawing on the TOE framework and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT), the study synthesises contemporary scholarship on digital transformation, sustainability, and logistics to derive a set of testable hypotheses. The proposed framework positions GLPs as a mediating mechanism that translates digital readiness into environmental, economic, and social sustainability outcomes. The article contributes to theory by contextualising the digital TOE model within an under-researched Gulf logistics setting and by integrating it with triple-bottom-line sustainability performance. From a practical perspective, the study offers guidance to policymakers and logistics practitioners seeking alignment with Oman Vision 2040, emphasising the importance of digital capabilities, innovation-oriented organisational cultures, and supportive regulatory environments. The framework also provides a foundation for future empirical research exploring how digital transformation can serve as a catalyst for sustainable logistics development in emerging economies.